Design of Exercise Device for Older Adults / Diseño de Dispositivo para Ejercitación de Adultos Mayores

ABSTRACT Older adults should perform physical activity to improve cardiorespiratory functions. Aerobic exercises improve cardiovascular function, decrease basal heart rate and blood pressure, and improve mood and energy. To facilitate the execution of aerobic physical activity in older adults, the objective of this research was to design an exercise device for older adults. Starting from design specifications such as comfort, size, weight, resistance, and cost, we developed the detailed design of a horizontal bicycle. The designed device, thanks to its horizontally disposed structure, its adequate resistance to pedaling, its dimensioning based on anthropometric measurements of the Chilean population, and the disposition of sensors for heart rate and oxygen saturation, is suitable for older adults. Its weight and size also make it convenient for use inside the home, and the use of materials, components, and manufacturing processes available nationally and within the cheapest options, increases the possibility of access by older adults.

RESUMEN Es fundamental que los adultos mayores realicen actividad física para mejorar las funciones cardiorrespiratorias, particularmente los ejercicios aeróbicos mejoran la función cardiovascular, disminuyen la frecuencia cardíaca basal y la tensión arterial, además de mejorar su estado de ánimo y energía. Con la finalidad de facilitar la ejecución de actividad física del tipo aeróbica en adultos mayores, se planteó el objetivo de este trabajo, centrado en diseñar un dispositivo para su ejercitación. Partiendo de especificaciones de diseño como comodidad, tamaño, peso, resistencia y costo, se desarrolló el diseño de detalle de una bicicleta horizontal. El dispositivo diseñado, gracias a la disposición horizontal de la estructura, la resistencia adecuada al pedaleo, su dimensionamiento con base a medidas antropométricas de población chilena, y la disposición de sensores para heart rate and oxygen saturation, es adecuado para adultos mayores. Además, su peso y tamaño lo hacen conveniente para el uso dentro de las viviendas, del mismo modo, el uso de los materiales, componentes y proceso de manufactura disponibles nacionalmente y dentro de las opciones más económicas, aumentan la posibilidad de acceso por parte de los adultos mayores.

Development of a reference equation for maximal exercise capacity in normal Indian subjects using cardiopulmonary exercise testing

Objectives: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is an integrative assessment of multiple interdependent variables contributing to exercise response. CPET parameters such as maximum or peak oxygen uptake (VO2max/peak) are used to estimate this response. VO2max/peak varies with physiological predictors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and activity level. The existing normative values for Indian subjects have, thus, far been adapted from Western populations who have a different body habitus in terms of these physiological predictors. We aimed to determine the relation and a prediction equation of these variables with VO2peak. Materials and Method: One hundred and twenty-one healthy subjects underwent CPET on a treadmill (Cortex Metalyzer) in a tertiary care hospital and VO2peak was calculated through Metasoft software. Statistical analysis: Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for calculating the between-group difference. Logistic regression with univariate and multivariate ANOVA was used for computing the reference equation. Results: Mean VO2peak (ml/min/kg) was 29.9 ± 7.7. It was higher for males (32.81 ± 7.9 vs. 26.79 ± 6.1 [P < 0.001]) and active individuals (32.8 ± 7 vs. 26.1 ± 6.9 [P < 0.001]). Higher values were observed in younger and non-obese population (P < 0.001). Regression coefficient (r2) was 0.44 and 0.36 for male and female, respectively. Reference equation was then calculated for males and females using the r2 value. Conclusion: VO2peak was higher in males and active individuals, it declined with increasing age and BMI. The values obtained were much lower than the Western population, therefore stressing the need for the development of our own set of reference equations.

EFFECT OF YOGA ON SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF COLLEGE GOING STUDENTS

INTRODUCTION: -Yoga plays an important role and has made unlimited Contribution in our modern life. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of twelve (12) weeks Yoga on selected Anthropometrical and Physiological variables of college going male students within the age group of 18-21 years. Total MATERIALS & METHODS: - 60 subjects were taken for the study from Fakir Chand College (Calcutta University), Diamond Harbour, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, Pin-743331. The Anthropometrical and Physiological parameters were Weight, BMI and Fat (%) & Pulse rate, S.B.P and D.B.P which were measured by the reputed Physian. The Pre-test and Post-test were taken of all the parameters before and after the twelve (12) weeks of yoga training. The Weight and Height were measured by weighing Machine and Stadiometer respectively. They were measured for the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI = Weight in kg/Height in meter2) and for measuring the percentage of Body Fat, Skin Fold Caliper was used. Similarly, the physiological parameters were assessed by recording the blood pressure (S.B.P and D.B.P) and pulse rate before and after the twelve (12) weeks of regular yogic exercise or training. The subjects were randomly selected for the study. To measure the blood pressure mercury sphygmomanometer was used and pulse Rate was recorded after a rest for 30 minutes in right radial artery by Palpatory method. For statistical analysis and Interpretation of data't' test was conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of t RESULTS & DISCUSSION: - he present study reveals that there was significant difference found in reduction in the pulse rate, Systolic Blood Pressure and diastolic Blood Pressure after the twelve (12) weeks of yoga practice. The mean pulse rate (beats/minute) before yoga practice was (74.60±2.28). It was reduced highly significant to (72.10±2.06) (P > 0.001). The Systolic Blood Pressure (mm of Hg) before yoga practice was (124.30±2.42). It was reduced highly significant level to (120.28±2.25) (P > 0.001). The mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (Mm of Hg) before yoga practice was (84.40±1.98). It was reduced highly significant level to (80.10±2.12) (P > 0.001) after twelve weeks of yoga practice. The Independent paired't'- test was used at 0.05 level of significance. Similarly, The Anthropometrical variables i.e Weight, BMI and Fat (%) were (51.60±2.50), (47.90±2.35) and (19.50±2.25), (16.90±2.15) and (24.40±1.62), (21.80±2.28) respectively. The weight, BMI and Fat (%) were also reduced significantly after the twelve (12) weeks of yoga practice. The Independent paired't'- test was used at 0.05 level of significance. -On the basis of the obtained CONCLUSION: result, it has been observed that yoga can reduce the high blood pressure, pulse rate and Body Weight, BMI and Fat (%) and plays an important role in healthy impact on the life style of a man.

Crecimiento de Centrosema pubescens Benth bajo fertilización nitrogenada más azufre en Ecuador / Centrosema pubescens Benth growth under nitrogen and sulfur fertilization more sulfur in Ecuador

RESUMEN La calidad y disponibilidad del forraje, principalmente de las gramíneas, disminuye en las regiones tropicales durante la época seca, ya que al madurar incrementa el contenido de carbohidratos estructurales y disminuye el de proteínas y la digestibilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento inicial de Centrosema pubescens Benth, bajo fertilización nitrogenada y azufrada. La siembra de C. pubescens se realizó en bolsas negras de polietileno. Se evaluaron dos tratamientos de fertilización nitrogenada 0 kg/Nha-1 (-NS) y 44 kg/N-ha-1 (+NS), utilizando como fuente de nitrógeno sulfato de amonio. La fertilización se hizo al momento de la siembra, a los 15 d, 30 d y 60 d después de la siembra. El ensayo duró 12 semanas y se realizaron muestreos semanales de las siguientes variables: número de nódulos (NN), peso de nódulos (PN), longitud de raíz (LR), materia seca parcial (MSP), altura de planta (AP), índice de área foliar (IAF), tasa de acumulación neta (TAN), tasa de crecimiento del cultivo (TCC), tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRC) y área foliar específica (AFE). Se utilizó un análisis de regresión para estimar curvas de crecimiento y líneas de tendencia. El tratamiento +NS provocó la disminución significativa de NN (- 10) y PN (- 0.72 g) (P < 0.05). Resultados no significativos (P > 0.05) fueron observados en LR con 42.0 cm y 42.8 cm para +NS y -NS, respectivamente. Mientras que para MSP y AP, los tratamientos afectaron positivamente, el comportamiento (P < 0.05). El resto de las variables (IAF, TAN, TCC, TRC y AFE) no fueron afectadas por los tratamientos (P > 0.05). La fertilización con nitrógeno más azufre mejoró el establecimiento de C. pubescens con fines forrajeros.

ABSTRACT The quality and availability of forage, mainly from grasses, decreases in the tropical regions during the dry season, since when it matures it increases the content of structural carbohydrates and decreases the protein and the digestibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of Centro-sema pubescens Benth, under nitrogen and sulfur fertilization. The planting of C. pubescens was carried out in black polyethylene bags. Two treatments of nitrogen fertilization 0 kg/Nha-1 (-NS) and 44 kg/Nha-1 (+NS) were evaluated using ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source. Fertilization was done at the time of planting, at 15 d, 30 d and 60 d after sowing. The experiment lasted 12 weeks and weekly sampling of the following variables was done: number of nodules (NN), nodule weight (NW), root length (RL), partially dry matter (PDM), plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI), net accumulation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGC) and specific leaf area (SLA). A regression analysis was used to estimate growth curves and trend lines. The +NS treatment caused a significant decrease of NN (- 10) and NW (- 0.72 g) (P < 0.05). Nonsignificant result was observed in RL (P > 0.05) with 42.0 cm and 42.8 cm for +NS and -NS, respectively. However, for PDM and PH the treatments affected positivity their behavior (P < 0.05). The rest of the variables (LAI, NAR, CGR, RGR and SLA) were not affected by the treatments (P > 0.05). Fertilization with nitrogen plus sulfur improved the establishment of C. pubescens for fodder purposes.

Physiological profiles of Zebu steers during transport and pre-slaughter / Perfiles fisiológicos de novillos Cebú durante el transporte y pre-sacrificio / Perfis fisiológicos de novilhos Zebu durante o transporte e pré-sacrifício

Background: pre-slaughter handling causes stress in cattle that may alter numerous physiological variables. Objective: to determine whether in-farm handling of steers, road transport by truck, or slaughterhouse lairage affect blood stress indicators. Methods: a total of 65 castrated Zebu steers were randomly selected and transported during 4 h in the same truck, under similar handling conditions. Blood samples were taken by jugular or coccygeal venipuncture at the farm, at the slaughterhouse, and during exsanguination to measure plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, creatine kinase (CK), ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßHB), creatinine, total protein, urea, packed cell volume (PCV) values, white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophil:lymphocytes ratio (N/L). Results: pre-slaughter handling did not have a negative influence on protein metabolism nor did it cause dehydration. ß-hydroxybutyrate and lactate values did not change (p>0.05). Transportation increased cortisol, glucose, creatine kinase concentrations and N/L ratio (p<0.05). Conclusion: pre-slaughter was a stress-generating event that moderately affected animal welfare and increased physiological variables within a range considered normal for steers.

Antecedentes: el manejo presacrificio causa estrés en el ganado que puede alterar variables fisiológicas. Objetivo: determinar si el manejo en la granja, el transporte terrestre o la estadía en la planta de bovinos cebú sacrificados en una planta localizada en una zona productiva tienen efecto sobre los indicadores sanguíneos de estrés. Métodos: se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 65 novillos Cebú, los cuales fueron transportados durante 4 h, bajo las mismas condiciones de manejo. El ganado fue muestreado por venopunción de la vena yugular o coccígea en la granja, en la planta de sacrificio y durante el desangrado para medir los niveles de cortisol, glucosa, lactato, creatinquinasa (CK), betahidroxibutirato (ßHB), creatinina, proteína total, urea, volumen celular acumulado (PCV), conteo de células blancas (WBC) y la relación neutrófilos/linfocitos (N/L). Resultados: el manejo presacrificio no influyó negativamente sobre el metabolismo proteico, ni causó deshidratación. El ß-hidroxibutirato y el lactato no presentaron cambios (p>0,05). El transporte incrementó las concentraciones de cortisol, glucosa, creatinquinasa y la relación N/L (p<0,05). Conclusiones: el presacrificio afectó moderadamente el bienestar animal e incrementó algunas variables fisiológicas, las cuales se encontraron dentro de los rangos considerados como normales para la especie bovina.

Antecedentes: o manejo pré-abate causa estresse no gado, o que pode alterar numerosas variáveis fisiológicas. Objetivo: determinar se o manejo na fazenda, o transporte terrestre ou a permanência no frigorífico de bovinos zebuínos abatidos em um abatedouro instalado numa região produtiva, tem efeito nos indicadores sanguíneos do estresse. Métodos: foram selecionados aleatoriamente 65 novilhos zebu, os quais foram transportados durante 4 h, sob as mesmas condições de manejo. O gado foi monitorado por venopunção na fazenda, no frigorífico e durante a sangria para medir os níveis de cortisol, glucosa, lactato, creatinoquinase (CK), beta hidroxibutirato (ßHB), creatinina, proteína total, uréia, volume celular acumulado (PCV), contagem de células brancas (WBC) e a relação neutrófilos/linfócitos (N/L). Resultados: o manejo pré-abate não influenciou negativamente o metabolismo proteico, nem provocou desidratação. O ß-hidroxibutirato e o lactato não apresentaram mudanças (p>0,05). O transporte elevou as concentrações de cortisol, glicose, creatina-quinase e a relação N/L (p<0,05). Conclusões: o pré-abate afetou moderadamente o bem-estar animal e incrementou algumas variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas, as quais encontraram-se dentro de intervalos considerados como normais para a espécie bovina.

Efeito do óleo de capim limão (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf) no controle do carrapato dos bovinos / Effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf) oil on the control of cattle ticks

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito in vitro e in vivo do óleo essencial de capim limão (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf) sobre o carrapato dos bovinos [Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus]. Na experimentação in vitro foi utilizado o grupo controle negativo e oito concentrações do óleo de capim-limão (0,5; 1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 50; 100%), em fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato. A eficácia de controle foi de 0; 20; 39; 99,5; 100; 100; 100; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. Para a experimentação in vivo foram constituídos três grupos (controle negativo, óleo de capim limão a 2,0% - nível estimado mediante análise de regressão, correspondendo a 95% de eficácia de controle do carrapato da pesquisa in vitro e amitraz a 0,025%), com dezoito vacas da raça Holandesa. Antes (média dos dias -3, -2, -1) e após a aplicação do produto (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 e 21 dias), foram contadas fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato. A eficácia de controle foi de 0; 54 e 74,5%, respectivamente, 21dias após o tratamento. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos (controle negativo x tratamento fitoterápico), foram avaliadas as variáveis fisiológicas: frequência cardíaca, respiratória, temperatura do globo ocular e temperatura da pele; os resultados foram similares entre os tratamentos.

This research was aimed at evaluating in vitro and in vivo effects of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf) oil on cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus). Negative control group and eight concentrations of lemongrass oil (0.5; 1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 50; 100%), were used on in vitro trials with engorged female ticks. The efficacy of control ticks was 0; 20; 39; 99.5; 100; 100; 100; 100 and 100%, respectively. For the in vivo trial, eighteen Holstein cows were allocated to three groups (negative control, lemongrass oil at 2.0% - level estimated by regression analysis, accounting for 95% efficacy of control ticks on in vitro trial, and amitraz at 0.025%). Engorged female ticks were counted before (mean of days -3, -2, -1) and after treatment (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days). The efficacy of control ticks was 0; 54 and 74.5%, respectively, at 21 days after treatment. Physiologic variables were evaluated after treatments (negative control x phytotherapic treatment). Similar results were found between the treatments for physiological variables.

Índices fisiológicos e neuromusculares relacionados à performance nas provas de 800 m e 1500 m rasos / Neuromuscular and physiological indices associated with 800- and 1500-m running performance

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar e correlacionar os índices fisiológicos e neuromusculares com a performance de corredores treinados nas distâncias de 800 m e 1500 m. Onze atletas realizaram os seguintes testes: 1) determinação das performances nos 800 m e 1500 m; 2) determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), velocidade correspondente ao VO2max (vVO2max) e velocidade correspondente ao onset of blood lactate accumulation; 3) saltos verticais (Counter Movement Jump - CMJ e Continuous Jump - CJ); 4) determinação do tempo de exaustão (Tlim) e 5) testes submáximos para determinação da economia de corrida e teste supra-máximo para cálculo do máximo déficit acumulado de oxigênio. Houve correlação significante da vVO2max e do Tlim com as duas provas. O CJ se correlacionou somente com os 800 m. Conclui-se que a potência aeróbia é a principal determinante da performance nas duas distâncias, destacando-se que os aspectos neuromusculares influenciam os 800 m.

The purpose of this study was to determine and correlate the neuromuscular and physiological indices with the performance of trained runners in distances of 800 m and 1500 m. Eleven athletes were evaluated in the following tests: 1) simulation of performances in 800 m and 1500 m; 2) determination of maximum oxygen consumption-VO2max; velocity at VO2max-vVO2max and of velocity at onset of blood lactate accumulation; 3) vertical jumps (Counter Movement Jump and Continuous Jump); 4) determination of time to exhaustion-Tlim; and 5) submaximal tests for identification of running economy, followed by a supramaximal test for determination of maximum accumulated oxygen deficit. vVO2max and Tlim were correlated with both distances. The CJ was correlated only to 800m. It is concluded that aerobic power is the main determinant of performance for the two distances, emphasizing that neuromuscular aspects influence the 800 m.

Relação entre aptidão aeróbia e capacidade de sprints repetidos no futebol: efeito do protocolo / Relationship between aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability in soccer: protocol effect

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a associação entre variáveis fisiológicas relacionadas à aptidão aeróbia determinadas de forma contínua em corrida na esteira (pico de velocidade da esteira: PVEST, consumo máximo de oxigênio: VO2max, velocidade correspondente ao VO2max: vVO2max e velocidade referente ao limiar anaeróbio: vLAn) e intermitente com mudança de sentido (pico de velocidade: PV) com a capacidade de sprints repetidos (CSR) em jogadores de futebol. Vinte e nove atletas (17,9 ± 1,0 anos; 178,7 ± 5,2 cm; 73,6 ± 6,7 kg; 11,1 ± 1,3 % gordura) realizaram, em dias diferentes, os seguintes testes: 1) protocolo incremental na esteira rolante para determinar o PVEST, o VO2max, a vVO2max e a vLAn; 2) teste incremental de corrida intermitente (TCar) para determinar o PV e 3) teste de Bangsbo para avaliar a CSR e determinar o tempo médio (TM), melhor tempo (MT) e índice de fadiga (IF). Foi realizada a correlação linear de Pearson, adotando- -se o valor de p<0,05 para significância. O PV obtido no TCar apresentou maior correlação com o TM e o MT (r = -0,70, p<0,01; r= -0,51, p<0,01, respectivamente) do teste de CSR, que a vVO2max (r = -0,43, p<0,05; r= -0,14 p>0,05) e o PVEST (r= -0,42, p<0,05; r=-0,14, p>0,05) determinados no modelo de corrida em linha reta na esteira. Pode se concluir que a relação entre aptidão aeróbia e CSR é dependente do tipo de protocolo utilizado (contínuo em linha reta vs intermitente com mudança de sentido) e da variável aeróbia utilizada (capacidade vs potência).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between physiological variables related to physical fitness determined by continuous straight running on a treadmill (peak velocity on treadmill: PVTRE, maximum oxygen uptake: VO2max, minimum velocity needed to reach VO2max: vVO2max, and velocity at the anaerobic threshold: vAT) and intermittent running with directional changes (peak velocity: PV) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in soccer players. Twenty-nine athletes (17.9 ± 1.0 years, 178.7 ± 5.2 cm, 73.6 ± 6.7 kg, and 11.1 ± 1.3% body fat) performed the following tests on different days: 1) incremental protocol on a treadmill to determine PVTRE, VO2max, vVO2max, and vAT; 2) incremental intermittent running test to determine PV, and 3) Bangsbo test to evaluate RSA and to determine the mean time (MT), fastest time (FT), and fatigue index (FI). Pearson?s correlation coefficient was used and a level of significance of 5% was adopted. PV obtained in the intermittent running test showed a higher correlation with MT and FT of the RSA test (r = -0.70, p < 0.01; r = -0.51, p < 0.01, respectively) than vVO2max (r = -0.43, p < 0.05; r = -0.14 p > 0.05) and PVTRE (r = -0.42, p < 0.05; r = 0.14, p > 0.05) determined by straight running on a treadmill. In conclusion, the relationship between physical fitness and RSA depends on the type of protocol (continuous line running vs. intermittent with directional changes) and the aerobic index used (capacity vs. power).

Effect of Cycled Lighting and Auditory Stimulation on Body Weight, Physiological Variables and Behavioral States in Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at finding the effects of cycled lighting and auditory stimulation on body weight, physiological variables and the behavioral state of low birth weight infants (LBWI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: The subjects were 30 LBWI at 2 NICUs. They were assigned to experimental I, experimental II and control group which consisted of 10 subjects in each of their regular sequence. Cycled lighting was applied to the experimental group I for 10 days, cycled light and auditory stimualtion were applied to the experimental group II. RESULTS: It was certified that the application of cycled lighting and auditory stimulation resulted in increased body weight, decreased heart rate, and stabilization of the behavioral states of the LBWI. However, there was no effect on increase of O2 saturation and decrease of respiration rate. CONCLUSION: The application of cycled lighting and auditory stimulation might be interventions which would in turn have positive effects on the growth and development of LBWI.

Effects of Cycled Lighting on Body Weight, Physiological Variables and Behavioral States in Low Birth Weight Infants / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at finding the effects of cycled lighting on body weight, physiological variables and the behavioral state of LBWI (low birth weight infants) in the NICU. METHOD: The subjects were 20 LBWI at 2 NICUs. They were assigned to an experimental or control group which consisted of 10 subjects in each. Cycled light was applied to the experimental group for 10 days. RESULT: It was certified that the application of cycled lighting resulted in increased body weight and O2 saturation, and decreased heart rate of the LBWI. However, there was no effect in decrease of respiration and stabilization of the behavioral state. CONCLUSION: The application of cycled lighting might be a nursing intervention which would in turn have positive effects on the growth of LBWI.

Blood and physiological variables in thoroughbred foals during the first 24 hours of life

Variables fisiológicas y sanguíneas con importancia clínica fueron estudiadas en potrillos F.S.C. recién nacidos. Se extrajo sangre arterial a las 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 y 24 horas desde el nacimiento, midiéndose PaO2, PaCO2, pH, concentración de Hemoglobina, saturación de Hemoglobina con O2 y hematocrito. Simultáneamente se midió temperatura rectal, frecuencia cardíaca y frecuencia respiratoria. La temperatura rectal aumentó de 37.5 ± 0.1 ºC (tiempo 0) a 38.3 ± 0.1 ºC (24 horas). La mayor frecuencia cardíaca se registró 1 hora después del nacimiento (139.0 ± 6.5 lat/min), permaneciendo entre 90-97 lat/min después de las 4 horas. La frecuencia respiratoria fue mayor en el tiempo 0 (57 ± 4.6 resp/min), con un mínimo a las 8 horas (38 ± 3.8 resp/min), aumentando posteriormente. PaO2 tuvo un valor mínimo de 62.8 ± 6.4 mm Hg en el tiempo 0, aumentando a 89.1 ± 5.0 mm Hg a las 24 horas. PaCO2 tuvo un valor máximo de 51.3 ± 1.8 mm Hg en el tiempo 0, manteniéndose en 42-43 mm Hg entre las 2 y 8 horas, aumentando posteriormente. El pH sanguíneo varió escasamente, oscilando entre 7.371 y 7.407. La concentración de Hemoglobina tuvo el mayor valor (15.1 ± 0.8 g/dl) en la primera hora, descendiendo posteriormente. La saturación de Hemoglobina con O2 aumentó desde 96.4 ± 2.9 por cento (tiempo 0) hasta 100.8 ± 1.3 por cento (24 horas). El hematocrito osciló entre 36.4 y 40.0 por cento, siendo estadísticamente distinto solo a las 16 horas (33.8 ± 1.5 por cento; p < 0.05).